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- TECHNOLOGY, Page 53Just in Time
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- A new atomic clock will lose a second, at most, by the year
- A.D. 1,600,000
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- How do the professional timekeepers of the world determine,
- to the precise nanosecond, when a new year begins? They simply
- consult an atomic clock. And last week, just in time to ring in
- the new, the Hewlett-Packard Co., of Palo Alto, Calif.,
- unveiled the latest in these meticulous timepieces. Twice as
- accurate as earlier models, the $54,000 device -- the size of
- a desktop computer -- will remain reliable to the second for the
- next 1.6 million years, a period far longer than modern humans
- have existed.
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- Who could possibly need such precision? Practically
- everyone, indirectly at least. Telephone and computer networks
- rely on atomic clocks to synchronize the flow of trillions of
- bits of information, thus avoiding mammoth electronic logjams.
- TV and radio stations use the clocks to time their broadcasts.
- The armed forces employ them in satellite-based navigation
- systems and smart-missile guidance. And scientists depend on
- atomic clocks to help track the almost imperceptible motions of
- continents across the surface of the earth and galaxies and
- stars across the sky.
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- The principle behind all this precision comes from quantum
- physics. When an atom is bombarded with electromagnetic
- radiation -- in this case microwaves -- it shifts into a new
- energy state. Each type of atom responds most readily to a
- particular frequency. For the cesium-133 atoms in most atomic
- clocks, the frequency is 9,192,631,770 vibrations per second.
- When a microwave beam inside the clock is set to that frequency,
- the maximum number of atoms will undergo the energy switch,
- signaling the clock's internal computer that the device is
- correctly tuned. The vibrating microwaves keep time; the atoms
- just keep them on track.
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- Theoretically, an atomic clock could keep perfect time;
- the actual performance, though, depends on the electronics and
- such engineering details as how the microwaves hit the cesium
- atoms. Hewlett-Packard will doubtless come up with other
- refinements, but for now losing a second every 1 1/2 million
- years will have to do.
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